Membrane for electrochemical apparatus

ABSTRACT

A membrane for use with an electrochemical apparatus is provided. The electrochemical apparatus may include a fuel cell or electrolyzer, for example, an electrolyzer adapted to produce hydrogen. The membrane comprises a fabric made from a synthetic fiber such as nylon where the nylon, in an exemplary embodiment, is woven into ripstop nylon fabric. The electrochemical apparatus is constructed with frames comprising high-density polyethylene (HDPE) which provide support and structure to the membranes as well as to internal electrodes. A method of making an electrochemical apparatus, such as an electrolyzer, containing a membrane comprising ripstop nylon is also disclosed, as is a method for producing hydrogen gas with an electrolyzer containing a membrane comprising ripstop nylon.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/044,336, filed Apr. 11, 2008, entitled “Hydrogen Generation Process”,which application is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This description relates to electrochemical systems, particularlyhydrogen generation systems and, more particularly, to the electrolysisof water to produce hydrogen.

BACKGROUND

Hydrogen can provide clean energy for powering automobiles as well asfor cooking, space heating, heating hot water, and supplying power toabsorption air conditioning and refrigeration units. In addition, unlikeconventional electricity, it may be stored for later use. As currentlyenvisioned, widespread use of hydrogen will require a significantinfrastructure for the efficient distribution and use of this fuel.Costs of hydrogen generation may also be a factor in its widespread use.

Hydrogen may be produced by the electrolysis of water, a readilyavailable and inexpensive feedstock, by passing an electric currentthrough the water. A source of direct current electricity is connectedto an anode and a cathode placed in contact with the water and hydrogenis generated at the cathode and oxygen is generated at the anode. Amembrane is interposed between the anode and the cathode and hydrogenions move across the membrane, where they combine with electrons to formhydrogen gas. The membrane must be durable enough to withstand thecaustic environment of the electrolysis process as well as the physicalstress of the sometimes violent production of hydrogen and oxygen gas.Waste heat is also generated in the process, which, if recovered, mayresult in an increase in the overall efficiency of the electrolyticprocess.

There are many sources of the electric energy needed to generatehydrogen by the process of electrolysis. Traditional sources includeburning fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum derivatives, and naturalgas and nuclear plants and non-traditional sources such as wind powerand solar panels may also be used. The flexibility to utilizeelectricity generated by a variety of sources can provide greaterreliability of hydrogen generation. Utilizing electricity to generatehydrogen can also provide a convenient storage medium which may be usedto dampen time-dependent fluctuations in power supply and energy demand.

SUMMARY

Electrochemical apparatus can utilize electricity to induce a chemicalreaction, such as the separation of water into its component elementhydrogen and oxygen in an electrolyzer, or to provide electrical energyby combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, as in a fuel cell.

A comprehensive electrolytic hydrogen generation process may effectivelyutilize clean alternative power, make hydrogen fuel available withoutrelying upon a complex and expensive hydrogen distributioninfrastructure, and eliminate complex and expensive waste disposalproblems.

Included is a ripstop nylon fabric membrane for an electrochemicalapparatus that is both durable and low-cost. Optionally, the ripstopnylon membrane is combined with a plastisol-based gasket in a membraneassembly. Also included are light-weight, low-cost high-densitypolyethylene (HDPE) components, which components can be formed to frameboth single electrodes and single membranes in one-piece modules.Multiple electrode modules and membrane modules can be combined toproduce a multi-cell electrolyzer system. Also included are smallinter-electrode gaps and high electrode-water contact areas to helpeffect high-efficiency electrolyzer operation. Included, too, areeffective and low-cost safety and process control features that helpreduce or minimize the dangers of the electrolytic generation ofhydrogen.

An electrolyzer can flexibly utilize electrical power from a variety ofsources. Wind of any speed sufficient to turn a wind turbine may beutilized. Either wind or solar power can be converted to hydrogen andstored during off-peak times or when such generated electrical power ismore than required to meet demand. A rectifier may be provided toconvert conventional AC power to provide DC to the electrolyzer ifdesired. Batteries may be charged by either wind or solar power andlater used to power the electrolyzer or to smooth out changes in source.

Waste heat may be captured and put to other uses. For example, byenclosing the electrolyzer, water or other heat transfer medium may becirculated to provide heat for a residence or office. By enclosing thehydrogen and oxygen collection towers, air or other suitable heattransfer media may be circulated to collect additional waste heat.Further efficiencies may be obtained by circulating water or othersuitable heat transfer medium through heat-transfer coils includedwithin the towers.

In one embodiment, an apparatus comprises a first compression plate; afirst insulator plate next to the first compression plate; a firstelectrode next to the first insulator plate; a first end frame next tothe first electrode, the first end frame having an aperture, a liquidinlet, a channel formed between the aperture and the liquid inlet, a gasoutlet, and a channel formed between the aperture and the gas outlet;the apparatus further comprising at least one membrane-electrodeassembly, the at least one membrane-electrode assembly next to the firstend frame and comprising a membrane assembly, the membrane assemblycomprising a ripstop nylon membrane and a gasket affixed to a border ofthe membrane; the at least one membrane-electrode assembly furthercomprising a first interior frame, the first interior frame comprisingan aperture, at least one liquid inlet, a channel formed between theaperture and the liquid inlet, a gas outlet, and a channel formedbetween the aperture and the gas outlet; the at least onemembrane-electrode assembly further comprising an interior electrode anda second interior frame, the second interior frame comprising anaperture, at least one liquid inlet, a channel formed between theaperture and the liquid inlet, a gas outlet, and a channel formedbetween the aperture and the gas outlet; the apparatus furthercomprising a further membrane assembly, the further membrane assemblynext to the membrane-electrode assembly and comprising a ripstop nylonmembrane and a gasket affixed to a border of the membrane; the apparatusfurther comprising a second end frame, the second next to the furthermembrane assembly and comprising an aperture, a liquid inlet, a channelformed between the aperture and the liquid inlet, a gas outlet, and achannel formed between the aperture and the gas outlet; the apparatusfurther comprising a further electrode, the further electrode next tothe second end frame; a second insulator plate, the second insulatorplate next to the further electrode; and a second compression plate, thesecond compression plate next to the second insulator plate. The furtherelectrode, the second insulator plate, and the second compression platemay each further include a liquid inlet and a gas outlet.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the relevant art, theseelements will be interleaved with one another to create anelectrochemical apparatus, and especially an electrolyzer.

In a further embodiment, a membrane for an electrolyzer comprises asynthetic fabric. In a further embodiment, the synthetic fabriccomprises nylon. In a further embodiment, the nylon comprises ripstopnylon.

In a further embodiment, a method comprises impressing a DC electriccurrent across a ripstop nylon membrane.

In a further embodiment, a method comprises applying a plastisol borderto a ripstop nylon membrane.

In a further embodiment, a method comprises (a) placing a first side ofa first insulator plate against a second side of a first compressionplate; (b) placing a first side of a first electrode against a secondside of the first insulator plate; (c) placing a first side of a firstend frame against a second side of the first electrode, the first endframe comprising: a second side; a liquid inlet forming a hole betweenthe first side and the second side; a channel formed on the first sidebetween the aperture and the liquid inlet; a gas outlet forming a holebetween the first side and the second side; and a channel formed on thefirst side between the aperture and the gas outlet; (d) placing a firstmembrane assembly side of at least one membrane-electrode assemblyagainst the second side of the first end frame, the at least onemembrane-electrode assembly comprising: a membrane assembly, themembrane assembly comprising: a ripstop nylon membrane; and a gasketaffixed to a border of at least one side of the membrane; a first frame,the first frame defining an aperture, and comprising: a first side, thefirst side facing and abutting a second side of the membrane assembly; asecond side; a liquid inlet forming a hole between the first side andthe second side; a channel formed on the second side between theaperture and the liquid inlet; a gas outlet forming a hole between thefirst side and the second side; and a channel formed on the second sidebetween the aperture and the gas outlet; an interior electrode, a firstside of the interior electrode facing and abutting the second side ofthe first interior frame; and a second frame, the second frame definingan aperture, and comprising: a first side, the first side facing andabutting a second side of the interior electrode; a second side; aliquid inlet forming a hole between the first side and the second side;a channel formed on the first side between the aperture and the liquidinlet; a gas outlet forming a hole between the first side and the secondside; and a channel formed on the first side between the aperture andthe gas outlet; (e) placing a first side of a further membrane assemblyagainst the second side of the second frame of the membrane-electrodeassembly; (f) placing a first side of a second end frame against asecond side of the further membrane assembly; (g) placing a first sideof a further electrode against a second side of the second end frame;(h) placing the first side of a second insulator plate against a secondside of the further electrode; and (i) placing a first side of a secondcompression plate against a second side of the second insulator plate.The further electrode, the second insulator plate, and the secondcompression plate may each further include a liquid inlet and a gasoutlet.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will beapparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in, and constitute apart of, this specification, illustrate several embodiments consistentwith the invention and, together with the description, serve to explainthe principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a hydrogen system.

FIG. 2 is a partial cutaway view illustrating an electrolyzer andassociated collection towers along with enclosures.

FIGS. 3 and 4 combine to give an exploded view illustrating componentsof an electrolyzer.

FIG. 5 illustrates the detail of a channel.

FIG. 6 illustrates the detail of a membrane fabric.

FIG. 7 is a process diagram illustrating an electrolyzer and associatedancillary equipment and controls.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are circuit diagrams illustrating monitoring and controlcircuits for an electrolyzer and associated ancillary equipment.

FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram illustrating an oxygen sensor andassociated control circuit.

FIG. 11 is an exploded view of a framed electrode.

FIG. 12 is an exploded view of a framed membrane.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a hydrogen system 10 includes an electrolyzerprocess 100 (shown also in FIGS. 2 and 7) adapted to produce hydrogen 32from water 34 using electricity 28. The electrolyzer process 100converts water 34 into its component parts of hydrogen 32 and oxygen 30.An electrolyte 36 is combined with the water 34 in a feedwater tank 38and introduced into the electrolyzer process 100 as feedwater 40.Typically, the electrolyte 36 is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassiumhydroxide (KOH), but cations such as, but not limited to, lithium (Li⁺),rubidium (Rb⁺), potassium (K⁺), cesium (Cs⁺), barium (Ba²⁺), strontium(Sr²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺) may also beused. Those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that othercompounds are suitable for providing an electrolyte 36 to theelectrolyzer process 100. Direct current (DC) electricity 28 fed to theelectrolyzer process 100 provides the necessary electricity 28 forproducing hydrogen 32. Makeup water 34 is added as required. Electrolyte36 is added as needed to maintain proper concentration.

An electrical power selection and conditioning module 14 enables thehydrogen system 10 to provide DC electricity 28 from a variety ofsources which are appropriately connected thereto. By way of exampleonly, such sources include solar panels 22, wind turbines 24, batteries26, and the conventional power grid 16, which alternating current (AC)electricity 18 may be converted to DC by an AC-DC rectifier which may beincluded in the power selection and conditioning module 14. It will beappreciated by those skilled in the relevant art that sources other thanthose shown and discussed may also provide the necessary electric power28. Advantageously, excess power from, for example, solar panels 22 orwind turbines 24, not required to operate the electrolyzer process 100,may be fed back into the grid 16 for credit or utilized in a residence,business, or other property.

As shown in FIG. 1, oxygen 30 may be vented to the atmosphere or furtherprocessed for other uses. Hydrogen 32 produced by the electrolyzerprocess 100 may be sent to storage 12 for further use and may becompressed (not shown) for storage at higher pressures as required. In aresidential setting, for example, the hydrogen 32 may be used to fill anonboard supply vessel, for example, with a vehicle 42. Conventionalstationary appliances 44 such a furnace, water heater, stove or oven, anabsorption air conditioner or refrigerator, electrical generator, orfuel cell may be powered by the hydrogen 32. Finally, excess heat fromthe electrolyzer 102 or a hydrogen or oxygen collector 104, 106(described more fully below) may help further reduce heat demands.

The electrolyzer 102 and selected ancillary components are shown in FIG.2. An electrolyzer 102 (described more fully below) receives water viathe hydrogen collector 104 and the oxygen collector 106 (both describedmore fully below). The hydrogen collector 104 collects hydrogen 32generated by the electrolyzer 102 and the oxygen collector 106 collectsoxygen 30 generated by the electrolyzer 102.

In an exemplary embodiment as shown in FIG. 2, the electrolyzer 102 isenclosed within a sealed electrolyzer enclosure 108 and the hydrogen andoxygen collectors 104, 106 are enclosed within a sealed collectorenclosure 110. Water or other suitable heat transfer fluid may becirculated through the electrolyzer enclosure 108 and around theelectrolyzer 102 as indicated by electrolyzer enclosure circulating heattransfer fluid in 112 and electrolyzer enclosure circulating heattransfer fluid out 114. The electrolyzer enclosure circulating heattransfer fluid circulating through the electrolyzer enclosure 108 may beheated by the electrolyzer 102 to, for example, 115 deg. F. and may besubsequently used for space heating or for heating hot water, especiallyin a residence. Air or other suitable heat transfer fluid may becirculated through the collector enclosure 110 and around the hydrogenand oxygen collectors 104, 106 as indicated by collector enclosurecirculating heat transfer fluid in 116 and collector enclosurecirculating heat transfer fluid out 118. The collector enclosurecirculating heat transfer fluid circulating through the collectorenclosure 110 is heated by the hydrogen and oxygen collectors 104, 106to, for example, 130 deg. F. and may subsequently be used for spaceheating, heating hot water, or for powering an absorption airconditioner or refrigerator. In an exemplary embodiment, theelectrolyzer enclosure 108 and the collector enclosure 110 areconstructed with ¾-inch high density polyethylene (HDPE) panels andappropriately sealed to contain the circulating heat transfer fluid.

FIGS. 3 and 4 combine to illustrate an exemplary embodiment of amulti-cell electrolyzer 102. Going through in order, first is a stackclosed end compression plate 200. In the illustrated embodiment, thestack closed end compression plate 200 has no means for allowing processstreams in or out. Such connections are at the far end of the stack 102.In an exemplary embodiment, the stack closed end compression plate 200is ¾-inch hot-rolled steel. The stack closed end compression plate 200may also comprise a material such as cold-rolled steel, composite, orother material with sufficient strength. The stack closed endcompression plate 200 includes a plurality of stack compression boltholes 202. In the illustrated embodiment, there are 16 stack compressionbolt holes 202 which receive a like number of stack compression bolts(not shown). The stack closed end compression plate 200 cooperates witha stack open end compression plate 290 (FIG. 4) and the plurality ofstack compression bolts (not shown) to hold together and compress theelectrolyzer 102. Also, in an exemplary embodiment, the stack closed endcompression plate 200 includes an electrical stud hole 204 to receive,and to allow for protrusion of, an electrical stud 232 attached to ananode 230. The electrical stud 232 enables electrical current to beapplied to the electrolyzer 102. As will be appreciated by those skilledin the relevant art, the anode 230 and the cathode 231 (FIG. 4) may bereversed and the ancillary collection equipment modified accordingly. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the stack closed end compression plate 200further includes a stack lift tongue 206 including a stack lift hole 208for facilitating lifting and transporting the electrolyzer 102. In anexemplary embodiment, the surface of the stack closed end compressionplate 200 facing the stack closed end insulator plate 220 is treatedwith blanchard grinding.

Adjacent the stack closed end compression plate 200 is a stack closedend insulator plate 220. In an exemplary embodiment, the stack closedend insulator plate 220 is ¾-inch HDPE. Other non-conductive materialswith sufficient strength and heat resistant properties, such as lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE), polyurethane, nylon, and ceramic materialscould be satisfactory. The stack closed end insulator plate 220 includesa series of stack compression bolt holes 202. In the illustratedembodiment, there are 16 stack compression bolt holes 202 which receivea like number of stack compression bolts (not shown). Also, in anexemplary embodiment, the stack closed end insulator plate 220 includesan electrical stud hole 204 to receive, and to allow for protrusion of,the electrical stud 232 attached to the anode 230. The stack closed endinsulator plate 220 may further include a set of seals (not shown) suchas O-rings seated in a like set of seal grooves (not shown) formed toseal one or more water inlets 234 an oxygen outlet 236 and a hydrogenoutlet 238 formed in the anode 230.

Adjacent to the stack closed end insulator plate 220 is the anode 230.The anode 230 includes the electrical stud 232 attached thereto whichmay be threaded for ease of connection to DC electrical power. As willbe appreciated by those skilled in the relevant art, the anode 230 maybe connected to DC electrical power in a number of ways, including, butnot limited to, one or more tabs along the side edges of the anode 230.In an exemplary embodiment, the anode 230 is constructed of 11-gauge 316stainless steel. In the illustrated embodiment, the anode 230 includes16 stack compression bolt holes 202 which receive a like number of stackcompression bolts (not shown). As assembled, the anode 230 is placed soits electrical stud 232 protrudes through the electrical stud holes 204formed in the stack closed end insulator plate 220 and the stack closedend compression plate 200 and is connected to DC electrical power. In anexemplary embodiment, the anode 230 is formed with an oxygen outlet 236,a hydrogen outlet 238, and one or more water inlets 234.

Adjacent to the anode 230 is a first end frame 240. Shown in FIG. 3 isthe anode side of the first end frame 240. In an exemplary embodiment,the first end frame 240 is HDPE. As with the insulator plates 220, 280(FIG. 4), and the interior frames 260 (FIGS. 3 and 4), the end frames240 could comprise LDPE, polyurethane, nylon, or ceramic material. Thefirst end frame 240 includes a chamber aperture 248 and, in theillustrated embodiment, 16 stack compression bolt holes 202 whichreceive a like number of stack compression bolts (not shown). The firstend frame 240 further includes at least one water inlet 234. In theillustrated embodiment, the anode side of the first end frame 240includes at least one channel 244 formed between the at least one waterinlet 234 and the chamber aperture 248 and, thus, provides fluidconnectivity between the water inlet 234 and the chamber aperture 248.In the illustrated embodiment, the anode side of the first end frame 240includes at least one channel support 246. (Shown in analogous fashionin FIG. 5.) The at least one channel support 246 helps maintain theintegrity of the channel 244 when the electrolyzer 102 is undercompression.

The first end frame 240 further includes an oxygen outlet 236 and ahydrogen outlet 238. In the illustrated embodiment, the anode side ofthe first end frame 240 includes a channel 244 formed between the oxygenoutlet 238 and the chamber aperture 248. In the illustrated embodiment,the anode side of the first end frame 240 includes at least one channelsupport 246 (FIG. 5). The reverse side of the first end frame 240, whichfaces, and is adjacent to, a first membrane assembly 250, is describedherein below when describing a membrane assembly side of a firstinterior frame 260.

Referring again to FIG. 3, adjacent to the first end frame is the firstmembrane assembly 250. In an exemplary embodiment, the first membraneassembly 250 comprises a membrane 256 and an associated membrane gasket254. In a further exemplary embodiment, the membrane 256 is ripstopnylon with a thread count per square inch of 118×92 and with a weightper square yard of about two ounces. Ripstop nylon is durable andless-expensive than alternative materials and it is resistant tochemical attack by caustic feedwater 40. In an exemplary embodiment, thenylon used in the membrane material is nylon 6,6. In a further exemplaryembodiment, the nylon used in the membrane material is nylon 6. In anexemplary embodiment, the ripstop nylon membrane 256 is treated with afluorocarbon-based water-repellent. In a further exemplary embodimentthe ripstop nylon membrane 256 is not so treated. When wet, the membrane256 enables electrons to selectively pass through. Additionally, andalthough not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it isbelieved that the structure of the ripstop nylon material, with itsinter-woven ripstop reinforcement threads in a crosshatch pattern, mayeffect a concentration of current density and improve cell efficiency.

In an exemplary embodiment, the membrane may also comprise othersynthetic fabric materials. Polyamides, of which nylon is at type, alsoinclude aramids, a class of strong, heat-resistant fibers comprisingaromatics.

The membrane gasket 254 effects a seal of the membrane 256 when includedin the electrolyzer 102. In an exemplary embodiment, the membrane gasket254 comprises plastisol bonded to a border of the membrane 256. Theplastisol may be applied via a silkscreen process. The border of oneside of the membrane 256 is coated with plastisol and heated, typicallyin an oven, sufficiently to bond the plastisol to the membrane 256, inone exemplary embodiment, generally between about 140 deg. C. and about170 deg. C. for between about 45 seconds and about 60 seconds. Inanother exemplary embodiment, about 175 deg. C. for about 90 seconds.The membrane 256 is then turned over and the border of the other side ofthe membrane 256 is coated with plastisol and heated as before. Thebonds are complete after about 72 hours. Before treating with plastisolto form the membrane gasket 254, the original dimensions of the membrane256 are larger to accommodate shrinkage in the heating process.

The membrane gasket 254 comprises at least one water inlet 234, anoxygen outlet 236, a hydrogen outlet 238, and a series of stackcompression bolt holes 202. A die punch may be used to form these holes,inlets, and outlets and may include a series of alignment jig posts (notshown). A series of alignment marks or holes 252 may be included on themembrane assembly 250 which cooperate with the die punch alignment jigposts to enable the membrane assembly 250 to be properly aligned on thedie punch.

Plastisols are used to print textiles and are composed primarily ofpolyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin, typically a white powder, and aplasticizer, typically a thick, clear liquid. Optionally, a colorant maybe added. The inks must be heated to cure, generally at temperatures inthe range of 140-170 deg. C., as discussed above. The porosity of thetextile permits good plastisol penetration and, therefore, good adhesionof the plastisol to the textile. When used with tightly-woven ripstopnylon, however, the plastisol may be combined with a nylon binding agentsuch as Nylobond™ Bonding Agent (NYBD-9120) (Union Ink Co., Ridgefield,N.J.). In an exemplary embodiment, the ink is Ultrasoft PLUS (PLUS-6000)(Union Ink Co.) and is formulated.

In a further exemplary embodiment, the plastisol is 900-series, such as902LF, from International Coatings Co. (Cerritos, Calif.). Theseplastisol formulations include a premixed bonding agent catalyst.Exemplary curing is about 175 deg. C. for about 90 seconds.

In an exemplary embodiment, the membrane assembly 250 is about 0.009inches thick at the membrane gasket 254. Under compression in theelectrolyzer 102, the membrane gasket 254 compresses and the membraneassembly 250 compresses to about 0.005 inches.

Referring again to FIG. 3, adjacent to the first membrane assembly 250is a first interior frame 260. Shown in FIG. 3 is the first membraneside of the first interior frame 260. In an exemplary embodiment, thefirst interior frame 260 is HDPE. The first interior frame includes achamber aperture 248 and, in the illustrated embodiment, 16 stackcompression bolt holes 202 which receive a like number of stackcompression bolts (not shown). The first interior frame 260 alsoincludes at least one water inlet 234, an oxygen outlet 236, and ahydrogen outlet 238.

The side of the first interior frame 260 which faces an interiorelectrode 270 is further described herein below with the second interiorframe 260. On the interior electrode side of the first interior frame260 is an electrode ledge 272 formed around the chamber aperture 248into which the interior electrode 270 may nest. In an exemplaryembodiment, the electrode ledge 272 has a depth of one-half thethickness of the interior electrode 270. As will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art, the interior electrode side of the first interiorframe 260, discussed below with the second interior frame 260, and shownin detail in FIG. 4, includes a channel 244 (not shown, but illustratedanalogously with the second interior frame 260 of FIG. 4), analogous tothe channel 244, formed between the hydrogen outlet 238 (not shown, butillustrated analogously with the second interior frame 260 in FIG. 4)and the chamber aperture 248. The channel 244 may further include atleast one channel support 246 (FIG. 5).

Turning now to FIG. 4, adjacent to the first interior frame 260 is aninterior electrode 270. As will be appreciated by one skilled in therelevant art, the interior electrode 270 operates as a bi-polarelectrode. In an exemplary embodiment, the interior electrode 270 issized to nest within the electrode side of each interior frame 260. Inan exemplary embodiment, the interior electrode 270 is 18-gauge 316stainless steel.

Adjacent to the interior electrode 270 is a second interior frame 260.As shown in FIG. 4, the interior electrode side of the second interiorframe 260 faces the interior electrode 270. In an exemplary embodiment,the second interior frame 260 is HDPE. The second interior frame 260includes a chamber aperture 248 and, in the illustrated embodiment, 16stack compression bolt holes 202, which receive a like number of stackcompression bolts (not shown). The second interior frame 260 alsoincludes at least one water inlet 234, and oxygen outlet 236, and ahydrogen outlet 238.

The side of the second interior frame 260 which faces the interiorelectrode 270 includes an electrode ledge 272 formed around the chamberaperture 248 into which the interior electrode 270 may nest. In anexemplary embodiment, the electrode ledge 272 has a depth of one-halfthe thickness of the interior electrode 270. The interior electrode sideof the second interior frame 260 includes a channel 244 formed betweenthe oxygen outlet 236 and the chamber aperture 248. The channel 244 mayfurther include at least one channel support 246 (FIG. 5).

The side of the second interior frame 260 which is adjacent to, andfaces, a second membrane assembly 250 is analogously shown in detail anddescribed with the side facing the first membrane assembly 250 of thefirst interior frame 260 (FIG. 3).

Adjacent to the second membrane assembly side of the second interiorframe 260 is a second membrane assembly 250, which has been describedherein above with the first membrane assembly 250.

Adjacent to the second membrane assembly 250 is a second end frame 240.In an exemplary embodiment, the second end frame 240 is HDPE. The secondend frame 240 includes a chamber aperture 248 and, in the illustratedembodiment, 16 stack compression bolt holes 202 which receive a likenumber of stack compression bolts (not shown). The second end frame 240further includes at least one water inlet 234, an oxygen outlet 236, anda hydrogen outlet 238. Shown in analogous detail in FIG. 3, and asdescribed analogously above in reference to the first end frame 240, thecathode side of the second end frame 240 further includes a channel 244(shown in analogously in FIG. 3 and discussed above with the first endframe 240) formed between the chamber aperture 248 and the hydrogenoutlet 238. Further, the channel 244 may include at least one channelsupport 246.

Likewise, the cathode side of the second end frame 240 further includesa channel 244 formed between the chamber aperture 248 and the at leastone water inlet 234. Further, this channel 244 may include at least onechannel support 246.

Adjacent to the cathode side of the second end frame 240 is the cathode231. The description of the cathode 231 is similar to that of the anode230. The cathode 231 further includes an oxygen outlet 236, a hydrogenoutlet 238, and one or more water inlets 234.

Adjacent to the cathode 231, and interposed between the cathode 231 anda stack open end compression plate 290, is a stack open end insulatorplate 280. While the stack open end insulator plate 280 is formedsimilarly to the stack closed end insulator plate 220, the stack openend insulator plate 280 further includes at least one water inlet 234,an oxygen outlet 236, and a hydrogen outlet 238. In an exemplaryembodiment, the stack open end insulator plate 280 is ¾-inch HDPE. Thestack open end insulator plate 280 includes a series of stackcompression bolt holes 202. In the illustrated embodiment, there are 16stack compression bolt holes 202 which receive a like number of stackcompression bolts (not shown). Also, in an exemplary embodiment, thestack open end insulator plate 280 includes an electrical stud hole 204to receive, and to allow for protrusion of, the electrical stud 232attached to the cathode 231. On the cathode side of the stack open endinsulator plate 280 may further include a set of seals such as O-rings(not shown) seated in a like set of grooves 284 formed to seal the oneor more water inlets 234, the oxygen outlet 236, and the hydrogen outlet238 formed in the cathode 231. Likewise, a similar set of grooves 284and seals may be included in the open end compression plate side of theopen end insulator plate 280.

Adjacent to the stack open end insulator plate 280 is the stack open endcompression plate 290. In an exemplary embodiment, the stack open endcompression plate 290 is ¾-inch hot-rolled steel plate. The stack openend compression plate 280 may also comprise a material such ascold-rolled steel, composite, or other material with sufficientstrength. In an exemplary embodiment, the surface of the stack open endcompression plate 290 facing the stack open end insulator plate 280 istreated with blanchard grinding. The stack open end compression plate290 also includes at least one water inlet 234, an oxygen outlet 236,and a hydrogen outlet 238. Along a periphery of the stack open endcompression plate 290 are a plurality of stack compression bolt holes202. In the illustrated embodiment, there are 16 stack compression boltholes 202 which receive a like number of stack compression bolts (notshown). Also, in an exemplary embodiment, the stack open end compressionplate 290 includes an electrical stud hole 204 to receive, and to allowfor protrusion of, an electrical stud 232 attached to the cathode 231.

The exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 shows one interiorelectrode 270. Larger capacities may be assembled by adding additionalinterior parts. For example, a plurality of assemblies, each assemblycomprising a membrane assembly 250, a first interior frame 260, aninterior electrode 270, and a second interior frame 260, may beincluded. As appropriate, a first end frame 240, an additional membraneassembly 250, and a second end frame 240, would be required.

Although not shown, the electrolyzer 102 may be held together with aplurality of stack compression bolts spanning the electrolyzer 102 fromthe stack closed end compression plate 200 and the stack open endcompression plate 290. Each compression bolt may be surrounded,substantially along its entire length, by a seal (not shown), which mayalso function as an insulator. By way of example only, such seal couldbe Parflex® (Parflex Division, Parker-Hannifin, Ravenna, Ohio) 588N-10non-conducting, high-pressure hose. In an exemplary embodiment, thecompression bolts are torqued to 55 pounds.

Turning now to FIG. 11, in an exploded view of a further exemplaryembodiment, a framed electrode 270′ may be provided and used inmulti-cell electrolyzer. The electrode 270 is partially encased within,and formed as one with, two interior frames 320 which frames 320 maycomprise HDPE. In the illustrated embodiment, the channels 244 have adepth that extends to the surface of the electrode 270. Channel supports246 may be omitted. As illustrated in FIG. 11, one side of the framedelectrode 270′ may comprise a tongue 264 and the other side acoordinating groove 266 to enhance fit and seal. Multiple framedelectrodes 270′ could be combined with, for example, multiple framedmembranes 256′, described below.

In a further exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 12, a framed membrane256′ may also be provided and used in multi-cell electrolyzers 102. Amembrane 256, which may not include a membrane gasket 254, is partiallyencased within, and formed as one with, two frames 330. As shown in FIG.12, the membrane 256 is large enough to extend beyond the water inlets234 and the hydrogen 238 and oxygen 236 outlets. In addition, theassociated holes in the membrane 256 (shown as 234′, 238′, and 236′,respectively) are larger than their counterparts. This enables the framematerial (e.g., HDPE) to seal the holes 234, 238, and 236. In addition,where peripheral bolt holes 202 (not shown in FIG. 12) are included,such holes in the membrane 256 may also be larger. In the illustratedembodiment, the channels 244 have a depth that does not extend to thesurface of the membrane. As illustrated in FIG. 12, one side of theframed membrane 256′ may comprise a tongue 264 and the other side acoordinating groove 266 to enhance fit and seal.

In a further exemplary embodiment, the framed membrane 256′ furthercomprises an electrode ledge 272 (FIG. 4, shown associated with theinterior frame 260, e.g.) formed therein. As constructed, then, aplurality of framed membranes 256′ may be stacked with an interiorelectrode 270 inserted therebetween.

In an exemplary embodiment, interior frames 260 have a gross thicknessat the borders of about 0.110 in. The thickness of the interior frame260 along the edge of the electrode ledge is about 0.086 in. Whentorqued, the membrane assembly is about 0.005 in. This configurationresults in an inter-electrode gap of about 0.177 in.

FIG. 6 illustrates the detail of the fabric of a ripstop nylon membrane256. As shown, the membrane 256 includes a pattern of ribs 300comprising interwoven ripstop reinforcement threads in a crosshatchpattern with fabric planes 302 therebetween.

FIG. 5 illustrates the detail of a channel 244 between an illustrativeoxygen outlet 236 and an aperture 248. One or more channel supports 246are shown which help keep the channel 244 from collapsing under thecompressive load. Also shown in FIG. 5 is the electrode ledge 272 forproviding fit and sealing to the interior electrode 270 (FIG. 4).

Turning now to FIG. 7, shown generally is the electrolyzer process 100,the electrolyzer 102 is shown, along with the hydrogen collector 104,the oxygen collector 106, and a hydrogen expansion tank 105. Feedwater40, which is formed from the water supply 34 and the electrolyte supply36, is drawn from the feedwater tank 38 (FIG. 1). Feedwater 40 issupplied by a pump 126 and managed by a solenoid valve 132 which aredescribed more fully herein below. As can be seen in FIG. 7, feedwater40 may be balanced throughout the electrolyzer process 100 and providesfeedwater 40 in the electrolyzer 102, the hydrogen collector 104, andthe oxygen collector 106. The feedwater 40 enters the electrolyzer 102through the one or more water inlet 234, shown illustratively in FIG. 7as two water inlets 234. Feedwater 40 also provides a controlled liquidlevel in the hydrogen collector 104 and the oxygen collector 106, thecontrol of which is described more fully herein below. An electricalsupply 156 and power supply 134 are also provided and shown in FIG. 7.In the illustrated embodiment, 250VDC power is supplied to the cathode231 (not shown) and to the anode 230 (not shown) through the electricalstuds 232. During operation, hydrogen 32 and oxygen 30 are withdrawnfrom the electrolyzer 102 through the hydrogen outlet 238 and oxygenoutlet 236, respectively.

The hydrogen collector 104 may include appropriate liquid level sensorsand transmitters. Four such instruments are shown in FIG. 7. A waterlevel high transmitter 136 indicates when the water level in thehydrogen collector 104 is high. A water level low transmitter 148indicates when the water level in the hydrogen collector 104 is low. Apair of water level transmitters 140, 144 initiate turning off and on,respectively, the feedwater pump 126. As will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art, the functions of these multiple level transmittersmay be provided by as few as one sophisticated level transmitter. At theoutlet of the hydrogen collector 104 is a hydrogen relief valve 128.

The illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 7 further includes a hydrogenexpansion tank 105 downstream of the hydrogen collector 104. In anexemplary embodiment, the hydrogen expansion tank 105 helps stabilizethe levels of water in the hydrogen collector 104 and the oxygencollector 106 when starting up with pressure preexisting in the hydrogenstorage 12 (FIG. 1). A hydrogen expansion tank 105 having a volume ofabout 0.58 times the oxygen collector 106 should accomplish feedwaterlevel stability long enough for the pressure in the electrolyzer process100 to rise above the pressure in the hydrogen storage 12 (FIG. 1) andallow hydrogen to flow from the hydrogen collector 104 to the hydrogenstorage 12 (FIG. 1). Lacking this feature, the feedwater level in thehydrogen collector 104 could drop enough to prematurely activate thefeedwater pump 126 which could cause the electrolyzer process 100 tooverfill with feedwater 40. In such case, as the electrolyzer process100 becomes overfilled, as described above, when the system reachespressure above that of the hydrogen storage 12, the water in thehydrogen collector 104 will reach the high water level fault indicatorbefore the oxygen release valve 130 on the oxygen collector 106 istriggered by the level transmitter 150. Thus, unwanted or unnecessaryshutdowns are avoided. Alternatively, the hydrogen collector 104 may besized sufficiently larger than the oxygen collector 106.

Associated with the oxygen collector 106, and downstream thereof, is anoxygen sensor 158 (e.g., Bosch 13275). The oxygen sensor 158 is used todetect, by inference, hydrogen in the oxygen 30. Of course, a secondoxygen sensor 158 could be used to detect oxygen in the hydrogen 32.Also included with the oxygen collector 106 may be a pressure reliefvalve 172.

The oxygen collector 106 may also include appropriate liquid levelsensors and transmitters. Six such instruments are shown in FIG. 7. Awater level high transmitter 138 indicates when the water level in theoxygen collector 106 is high. A water level low transmitter 154indicates when the water level in the oxygen collector 106 is low. Inaddition, a series of sensors and transmitters control the discharge ofoxygen 30 from the oxygen collector 106. In the illustrated embodiment,there are a pair of oxygen-off transmitters 142, 146 that effect theclosing of an oxygen release control valve 130. In operation, when thewater level in the oxygen collector 106 rises to either oxygen-offtransmitter 142, 146, the oxygen release control valve 130 is closed andremains closed until the water level lowers to a point which activateseither oxygen-on transmitter 150, 152 at which time the oxygen releasecontrol valve 130 is opened and remains open until the water level risesand actuates oxygen-off transmitter 142, 146 at which time the oxygenrelease control valve 130 is closed. During operation this cycle repeatsto continuously balance the electrolyzer process 100 and remains activeeven if the electrolyzer process 100 is not active. As will beappreciated by those skilled in the relevant art, the functions of thesemultiple level transmitters may be provided by as few as onesophisticated level transmitter.

Further illustrated in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7 are oneor more heat transfer coils 107 which can effectively utilize excessheat. Shown in FIG. 7 is a coil 107 within each collector 104, 106 andin combination with a fan 120. A pump 124 circulates a suitable heattransfer fluid (e.g., water) through the collectors 104, 106 and theheat sink 107 associated with the fan 120. The excess heat recoveredfrom the collectors 104, 106 may be utilized, for example, in spaceheating or by placing a coil 107 downstream of the air handler of aforced air furnace.

Circuit Diagrams

The following tables are intended to provide exemplary values for theelectronic circuit elements shown in FIGS. 8-10 and described herein.

Resistors (Ω) R1 = 100K R2 = 100K R3 = 10 R4 = 47K R5 = 100K R6 = 100 R7= 22K R8 = 470 R9 = 100K R10 = 100K R11 = 470 R12 = 470 R13 = 100 R14 =100 R15 = 100K R16 = 100K R17 = 470 R18 = 47K R19 = 100K R20 = 470 R21 =22K R22 = 100K R23 = 100K R24 = 470 R25 = 47 R26 = 100 R27 = 100K R28 =47K R29 = 22K R30 = 470 R31 = 10 meg R32 = 100K R33 = 100K R34 = 0.001

Capacitors (μf) C1 = C2 = C3 = 100 C4 = 100 C5 = 0.1 C6 = 0.001 0.0010.001 C7 = C8 = C9 = 0.001 C10 = 4700 C11 = 0.001 C12 = 0.001 0.0010.001 C13 = 0.001

Transistors (MOSFET) T1 = 2984 T2 = 2984 T3 = 2984 T4 = 2984 T5 = 2984T6 = 2984 T7 = 2984 T8 = 2984 T9 = 2984 T10 = 2984

Amplifiers A1 = NTE 943 A2 = NTE 943 A3 = NTE 943

Integrated Circuits IC1 = IC2 = 555 IC3 = 960 IC4 = 4013 IC5 = 960 IC6 =4013 4013 IC7 = 4013

Diodes D1 = high D2 = 1N914 D3 = power D4 = H₂ storage D5 = 1N914 D6 =water temperature on tank full level fault D7 = 1N914 D8 = H2 in D9 =pump D10 = 1N914 D11 = 1N914 D12 = system O₂ fault on warm

Switches S1 = control S2 = control S3 = continuous S4 = 136-H₂ S5 =138-O₂ S6 = 148-H₂ system off system on or pulsed water high water highwater low operation S7 = 154-O₂ S8 = 142-O₂ S9 = 146-O₂ S10 = 150-O₂ S11= 152-O₂ S12 = 140- water low release closed release closed release openrelease open feedwater pump off S13 = 144- feedwater pump on

Contactors Coil K1 and Coil K2 and Coil K3 and K4 = K4-over K5 = K5- K6= K6- contact K1- contact K2- contact K3- temperature solid state relaysolid state relay energizes coil time delay battery saver redundancy K2operates circuit pump and water input solenoid

Looking first at FIG. 8, a power logic circuit 400 controls the overallcontrol scheme. Power logic circuit 400 cooperates with the water levelfault circuit 440 to shut off power if the water level becomesunbalanced. For example, if either of switches S4-S7 are closed (see,also, FIG. 7), a fault condition is indicated at D6 and a faultcondition goes from fault output 442 to fault input 402. The power logiccircuit 440 also cooperates with the oxygen sensor circuit 460 (FIG. 10)to shut off power if an unsafe level of hydrogen arises in the oxygen(see, also, FIG. 7). For example, if the oxygen sensor 158 detects anunsafe level of hydrogen in the oxygen, a fault condition is indicatedat D8 and a fault condition goes from fault output 462 to fault input402.

An operational temperature circuit 410 monitors heat levels in theelectrolyzer 102. A thermistor 174 (see, also, FIG. 7) actuates when anunsafe temperature level (e.g., 160 deg. F.) is reached. This conditionis indicated by LED D1. This shuts off the power to the electrolyzer102, which remains off until the temperature drops below the presettemperature level. Thus, the electrolyzer 102 turns on and off to keepthe electrolyzer 102 within a safe temperature regime.

An intermittent/pulsed operation circuit 420 provides adjustableintermittent power through a switch S3 to the electrolyzer 102 toregulate heat and to improve efficiency. This circuit also enablesvarying modes of operation of the electrolyzer 102. For example, thecircuit may be cycled on-and-off at intervals from about one second toabout two minutes or greater. This allows the hydrogen and oxygen toclear the electrodes, thereby increasing the effective surface area ofthe electrode. In addition, such intermittent operation assists incontrolling the heat of the hydrogen generation system. In addition, theintermittent/pulsed operation circuit can enable the hydrogen system 10to more effectively utilize power available from the wind turbine 24(FIG. 1). An intermittent no-load condition of the wind turbine 24allows it to gain inertia in low wind conditions. Then, when a load isapplied, the kinetic energy of the spinning turbine 24 is applied to theelectrolyzer 102.

A pressure switch circuit 430 controls the pressure in the hydrogenstorage 12 (FIG. 1) via a pressure switch 170. As long as the pressureswitch 170 is closed, indicating below preset maximum pressure in thehydrogen storage 12, MOFSET T4 conducts to coils K5 and K6 which areoperably connected to contacts K5 and K6 (shown in the power supplycircuit 490, FIG. 9, discussed below) and power remains on. When thepressure in the hydrogen storage 12 reaches the preset maximum pressure,power to the electrolyzer 102 is shut off. Normal operation is indicatedat an LED D3 and a full pressure condition in the hydrogen storage 12 isindicated at an LED D4. When the pressure in the hydrogen storage 12drops below a preset pressure condition, indicating there is room formore hydrogen in the hydrogen storage 12, power to the electrolyzer 102is turned back on.

A water level fault circuit 440 monitors the water levels in thecollection towers 104, 106 and shuts off power if the water levelbecomes unbalanced. The water level fault circuit 440 cooperates withthe power logic circuit 400 discussed above.

Associated with the pump control circuit 450 a, shown in FIG. 8, is apump control circuit 450 b shown in FIG. 9. And, shown associated withthe pump control circuit 450 b are two switches, switch S12, which isoperably connected to the water pump off level transmitter 140 on thehydrogen collector 104, and switch S13, which is operably connected tothe water pump on level transmitter 144 on the hydrogen collector 104.In operation, when level transmitter 144 senses a need for feedwater 40,coil K1 is energized in the pump control circuit 450 b (FIG. 9) whichcloses contact K1 in the pump control circuit 450 a (FIG. 8). Theclosing of contact K1 energizes coil K2 of the pump control circuit 450a which closes contact K2 of the pump control circuit 450 a, thuspowering the feedwater pump 126 (FIGS. 7 and 8) and opening thefeedwater solenoid valve 132 (FIG. 7). When the level transmitter 140 onthe hydrogen collector 104 senses sufficient feedwater 40, coil K1 isde-energized and the feedwater pump 126 is turned off and the feedwatersolenoid valve 132 is closed. Coil K2 de-energizes after a preset timeand must be reset in order to be reactivated. This provides protectionto the pump 126 in such case when the feedwater 40 has been turned offor is empty. It also helps prevent overfilling in the event water leveltransmitter 140 fails.

Turning now to FIG. 10, the oxygen sensor circuit 460 interprets thevoltage levels of the oxygen sensor as it correlates to the proportionof hydrogen in the oxygen. The oxygen sensor circuit 460 cooperates withthe power logic circuit 400 (FIG. 8). The oxygen sensor circuit 460 willshut down the electrolyzer process 102 if the level of hydrogen in theoxygen 30 reaches unsafe levels by energizing a fault output 462 whichis fed into the fault input 402 of the power logic circuit 400. Anindicator LED D8 is also illuminated.

A battery saver circuit 470 shown in FIG. 9 is designed to automaticallydisconnect a battery 476 from the control circuits, thus preventingcomplete discharge of the battery 476 in the event of an extended powerfailure. This disconnect will occur if a power interruption lasts longerthan about eight hours. The battery saver circuit 470 automaticallyreconnects the battery 476 when power is restored. The eight hours ofstandby allows for cool down and release of pressure by the controlcircuits in case of a power failure. This helps prevent the controlcircuits from draining the battery 476 in the event of an extended poweroutage.

In operation, when AC power is present, the standby transformer 472supplies power to the rectifier diode D10 which feeds IC5. The output ofIC5 then charges capacitor C10 through blocking diode D1. When charge issufficient, the logic level MOSFET T10 conducts and energizes coil K3.This connects the battery 476 to the control circuits and a 12VDC powersupply via a normally-open contact K3. If AC power is removed, or apower outage is experienced for e.g., eight hours or other preset time,the MOSFET T10 de-energizes K3 which effectively disconnects the battery476.

A warm-up circuit 480 monitors the warm-up phase of the operation of theelectrolyzer process 100 and regulates the pressure inside theelectrolyzer 102. An LED D12 is illuminated when the electrolyzerprocess 100 reaches operational temperature. With further reference toFIG. 7, during the warm-up phase, a hydrogen relief valve 128 is openedto vent the hydrogen 32 being produced to prevent any pressure fromdeveloping until the electrolyzer 102 reaches a preset and adjustabletemperature that causes the electrolyzer 102 to expand and tightens theseals to hold pressure. In the alternative, a flare system may beprovided to burn hydrogen being vented. The hydrogen relief valve 128 isthen closed and the hydrogen 32 is further processed, in, for example, adryer 122 and sent to hydrogen storage 12 (FIG. 1). If power to theelectrolyzer process 100 is shut down for a period of time that would besufficient for the electrolyzer 102 to contract, the bypass valve 128 isreopened to relieve all pressure from the electrolyzer 102 to preventdamage.

A power supply circuit 490 controls the main power to the electrolyzer102. In an exemplary embodiment, a rectifier 498 converts 240VAC to250VDC using two NTE6036 diodes and two NTE6037 diodes. As a redundantbackup to the high temperature circuit 410 which includes thermistor174, a thermal fuse 496, set to 180 deg. F. or whatever reformtemperature of the material used in the electrolyzer 102, for exampleHDPE, helps protect the electrolyzer 102 from a thermal overload. If thethermal fuse 496 is tripped, a coil K4 is de-energized and two contactsK4 are opened, shutting off power to the electrolyzer 102. In addition,de-energizing coils K5 and K6 opens contacts K5 and K6 to shut off powerto the electrolyzer 102. This may be effected by such conditions as awater level fault 442, the off button SI, a high temperature condition,oxygen mix, the intermittent circuit 420, or the pressure switch 170.Also shown in FIG. 9 is a fan 499 to help cool the rectifier 498 andsolid state relays K5 and K6.

Also shown in FIG. 9 is a water level balance circuit 500 which isoperably connected to the electrolyzer process 100. Switches S8 and S9,associated with level transmitters 142 and 146, respectively, cause theoxygen release solenoid 130 (FIGS. 7 and 9) to be closed. Conversely,switches S10 and S11, associated with level transmitters 150 and 152,respectively, cause the oxygen release solenoid 130 to be open. Thus,the water level in the electrolyzer process 100 is balanced.

Test Results

Tests were performed on an electrolyzer having the followingconfiguration:

Number of Cells 111 cells Electrode Size 11 × 11 inches Inter-electrodeGap 0.177 inches Feedwater 5 oz. NaOH per Nominal Voltage 240 VAC(converted 5 gal. distilled water to DC with four 85-amp diodes in abridge configuration)

Test 1 Time 4.5 minutes Average 253.3 V Voltage Average Amperage 27.43amps KWH 0.5211 KWH H2 Produced 4.32 scf H2 Conversion 0.0791 KWH/cu.ft. H2 H2 KWH 0.34 KWH Efficiency 65.2 percent Equivalent

Test 2 Time 1 hour Average 240 V Voltage Average Amperage 35 amps KWH8.4 KWH H2 Produced 66.84 scf H2 Conversion 0.0791 KWH/cu. ft. H2 H2 KWH5.28 KWH Efficiency 62.9 percent Equivalent

Test 3 Time 9 minutes Average 246.5 V Voltage Average Amperage 36.76amps KWH 1.36 KWH H2 Produced 11.36 scf H2 Conversion 0.0791 KWH/cu. ft.H2 H2 KWH 0.90 KWH Efficiency 66.1 percent Equivalent

While certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have beendisclosed in detail, it is to be understood that various modificationsmay be adopted without departing from the spirit of the invention ofscope of the following claims.

We claim:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first compression plate, thefirst compression plate having a first side and a second side; a firstinsulator plate, a first side of the first insulator plate facing andabutting the second side of the first compression plate; a firstelectrode, a first side of the first electrode facing and abutting asecond side of the first insulator plate; a first end frame, the firstend frame defining an aperture, and comprising; a first side, the firstside facing and abutting a second side of the first electrode; a secondside; a liquid inlet forming a hole between the first side and thesecond side; a channel formed on the first side between the aperture andthe liquid inlet; a gas outlet forming a hole between the first side andthe second side; and a channel formed on the first side between theaperture and the gas outlet; at least one membrane-electrode assembly, amembrane side of the membrane-electrode assembly facing and abutting thesecond side of the first end frame, the at least one membrane-electrodeassembly comprising: a membrane assembly, the membrane assemblycomprising: a ripstop nylon membrane; a gasket affixed to a border of afirst side of the membrane; and a gasket affixed to a border of a secondside of the membrane, the first electrode, the first end frame, and themembrane assembly defining a first end frame chamber, the first endframe chamber substantially void of solid material; a first interiorframe, the first interior frame defining an aperture, and comprising: afirst side, the first side facing and abutting a second side of themembrane assembly; a second side; a liquid inlet forming a hole betweenthe first side and the second side; a channel formed on the second sidebetween the aperture and the liquid inlet; a gas outlet forming a holebetween the first side and the second side; and a channel formed on thesecond side between the aperture and the gas outlet; an interiorelectrode, a first side of the interior electrode facing and abuttingthe second side of the first interior frame, the membrane assembly, thefirst interior frame, and the interior electrode defining a firstinterior frame chamber, the first interior frame chamber substantiallyvoid of solid material; and a second interior frame, the second interiorframe defining an aperture, and comprising: a first side, the first sidefacing and abutting a second side of the electrode; a second side; aliquid inlet forming a hole between the first side and the second side;a channel formed on the first side between the aperture and the liquidinlet; a gas outlet forming a hole between the first side and the secondside; and a channel formed on the first side between the aperture andthe gas outlet; a further membrane assembly, the further membraneassembly comprising: a ripstop nylon membrane; a gasket affixed to aborder of a first side of the further membrane; and a gasket affixed toa border of a second side of the further membrane, a first side of thefurther membrane facing and abutting the second side of the secondinterior frame, the interior electrode, the second interior frame, andthe further membrane assembly defining a second interior frame chamber,the second interior frame chamber substantially void of solid material;a second end frame, the second end frame defining an aperture, andcomprising: a first side, the first side facing and abutting a secondside of the further membrane; a second side; a liquid inlet forming ahole between the first side and the second side; a channel formed on thesecond side between the aperture and the liquid inlet; a gas outletforming a hole between the first side and the second side; and a channelformed on the second side between the aperture and the gas outlet; afurther electrode, a first side of the further electrode facing andabutting the second side of the second end frame, the further membraneassembly, the second end frame, and the further electrode defining asecond end frame chamber, the second end frame chamber substantiallyvoid of solid material; a second insulator plate, a first side of thesecond insulator plate facing and abutting a second side of the furtherelectrode; and a second compression plate, a first side of the secondcompression plate facing and abutting a second side of the secondinsulator plate.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the furtherelectrode further comprises: a liquid inlet forming a hole between thefirst side and the second side; and a gas outlet forming a hole betweenthe first side and the second side.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe second insulator plate further comprises: a liquid inlet forming ahole between the first side and the second side; and a gas outletforming a hole between the first side and the second side.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the second compression plate furthercomprises: a second side; a liquid inlet forming a hole between thefirst side and the second side; and a gas outlet forming a hole betweenthe first side and the second side.
 5. An electrolyzer, the electrolyzercomprising: an anode; a cathode; and an ion transfer membrane, the iontransfer membrane interposed between the anode and the cathode, the iontransfer membrane comprising ripstop nylon.
 6. The membrane of claim 5,wherein the ripstop nylon has a weight of about two ounces per squareyard.
 7. The membrane of claim 5, wherein the ripstop nylon has a threadcount of about 118×92.
 8. A membrane-electrode assembly comprising: amembrane assembly, the membrane assembly comprising; an ion transfermembrane, the membrane comprising ripstop nylon; a gasket affixed to aborder of at least one side of the membrane; a membrane assembly firstside; and a membrane assembly second side; a first interior frame thefirst interior frame defining an aperture and comprising: a firstinterior frame first side, the first interior frame first side facingand abutting the membrane assembly second side; a first interior framesecond side; a liquid inlet forming a hole between the first interiorframe first side and the first interior frame second side; a channelformed on the first interior frame second side between the aperture andthe liquid inlet; a gas outlet forming a hole between the first interiorframe first side and the first interior frame second side; and a channelformed on the first interior frame second side between the aperture andthe gas outlet; an interior electrode, a first side of the interiorelectrode facing and abutting the first interior frame second side; anda second interior frame the second interior frame defining an apertureand comprising: a second interior frame first side, the second interiorframe first side facing and abutting a second side of the interiorelectrode; a second interior frame second side; a liquid inlet forming ahole between the second interior frame first side and the secondinterior frame second side; a channel formed on the second interiorframe first side between the aperture and the liquid inlet; a gas outletforming a hole between the second interior frame first side and thesecond interior frame second side; and a channel formed on the secondinterior frame first side between the aperture and the gas outlet. 9.The membrane assembly of claim 8, wherein the gasket comprises aplastisol.
 10. An apparatus, the apparatus comprising: a firstcompression plate, the first compression plate having a first side and asecond side; a first insulator plate, a first side of the firstinsulator plate facing and abutting the second side of the firstcompression plate; a first electrode, a first side of the firstelectrode facing and abutting a second side of the first insulatorplate; a first end frame, the first end frame defining an aperture, andcomprising; a first side, the first side facing and abutting a secondside of the first electrode; a second side; a liquid inlet forming ahole between the first side and the second side; a channel formed on thefirst side between the aperture and the liquid inlet; a gas outletforming a hole between the first side and the second side; and a channelformed on the first side between the aperture and the gas outlet; atleast one membrane-electrode assembly according to claim 8, the firstside of at least one of the at least one membrane-electrode assembliesfacing and abutting the second side of the first end frame; a furthermembrane assembly, the further membrane assembly comprising: ripstopnylon fabric; and a gasket affixed to a border of at least one side ofthe ripstop nylon fabric, a first side of the further membrane assemblyfacing and abutting the second side of the second interior frame; asecond end frame, the second end frame defining an aperture, andcomprising: a first side, the first side facing and abutting a secondside of the further membrane assembly; a second side; a liquid inletforming a hole between the first side and the second side; a channelformed on the second side between the aperture and the liquid inlet; agas outlet forming a hole between the first side and the second side;and a channel formed on the second side between the aperture and the gasoutlet; a further electrode a first side of the further electrode facingand abutting the second side of the second end frame; a second insulatorplate, a first side of the second insulator plate facing and abutting asecond side of the further electrode; and a second compression plate, afirst side of the second compression plate facing and abutting a secondside of the second insulator plate.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10,wherein the further electrode further comprises: a liquid inlet forminga hole between the first side and the second side; and a gas outletforming a hole between the first side and the second side.
 12. Theapparatus of claim 10, wherein the second insulator plate furthercomprises: a liquid inlet forming a hole between the first side and thesecond side; and a gas outlet forming a hole between the first side andthe second side.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the secondcompression plate further comprises: a second side; a liquid inletforming a hole between the first side and the second side; and a gasoutlet forming a hole between the first side and the second side.
 14. Amethod, comprising impressing a DC electric current across the membraneof claim
 5. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the membrane is at leastpartially immersed in an aqueous environment.
 16. A method, comprising:(a) applying a plastisol to a border of a first side of the membrane ofclaim 5; (b) curing the plastisol.
 17. The method of claim 16, whereinstep (b) further comprises curing the plastisol at a temperature ofbetween about 140 deg. C and about 180 deg. C.
 18. The method of claim17, wherein step (b) further comprises curing the plastisol for betweenabout 45 and about 120 seconds.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein step(b) further comprises curing the plastisol at a temperature of about 175deg. C. for about 90 seconds.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein step(a) comprises a silkscreen process.
 21. A method, comprising: (a)placing a first side of a first insulator plate against a second side ofa first compression plate; (b) placing a first side of a first electrodeagainst a second side of the first insulator plate; (c) placing a firstside of a first end frame against a second side of the first electrode,the first end frame defining an aperture, the first end framecomprising: a second side; a liquid inlet forming a hole between thefirst side and the second side; a channel formed on the first sidebetween the aperture and the liquid inlet; a gas outlet forming a holebetween the first side and the second side; and a channel formed on thefirst side between the aperture and the gas outlet; (d) placing a firstmembrane assembly side of at least one membrane-electrode assemblyagainst the second side of the first end frame, the at least onemembrane-electrode assembly comprising: a membrane assembly, themembrane assembly comprising: an ion transfer membrane, the ion transfermembrane comprising ripstop nylon; and a gasket affixed to a border ofat least one side of the membrane; a first interior frame, the firstinterior frame defining an aperture, and comprising: a first side, thefirst side facing and abutting a second side of the membrane assembly; asecond side; a liquid inlet forming a hole between the first side andthe second side; a channel formed on the second side between theaperture and the liquid inlet; a gas outlet forming a hole between thefirst side and the second side; and a channel formed on the second sidebetween the aperture and the gas outlet; an interior electrode, a firstside of the interior electrode facing and abutting the second side ofthe first interior frame; and a second interior frame, the secondinterior frame defining an aperture, and comprising: a first side, thefirst side facing and abutting a second side of the interior electrode;a second side; a liquid inlet forming a hole between the first side andthe second side; a channel formed on the first side between the apertureand the liquid inlet; a gas outlet forming a hole between the first sideand the second side; and a channel formed on the first side between theaperture and the gas outlet; (e) placing a first side of a furthermembrane assembly against the second side of the second interior frameof the membrane-electrode assembly; (f) placing a first side of a secondend frame against a second side of the further membrane assembly; (g)placing a first side of a further electrode against a second side of thesecond end frame; (h) placing the first side of a second insulator plateagainst a second side of the further electrode; and (i) placing a firstside of a second compression plate against a second side of the secondinsulator plate.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the furtherelectrode of step (g) further comprises: a liquid inlet forming a holebetween the first side and the second side; and a gas outlet forming ahole between the first side and the second side.
 23. The method of claim21, wherein the second insulator plate of step (h) further comprises: aliquid inlet forming a hole between the first side and the second side;and a gas outlet forming a hole between the first side and the secondside.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the second compression plateof step (i) further comprises: a second side; a liquid inlet forming ahole between the first side and the second side; and a gas outletforming a hole between the first side and the second side.